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Base text for the question bellow Texto associado How AI Companions are Redefining Human Relationsships in the Digital Age By Neil Sahota (July 18, 2024) In the contemporary landscape, where technology increasingly permeates all facets of life, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is gradually assuming roles traditionally held by humans—those of friends, confidants, and even romantic partners. This evolving relationship between humans and AI raises profound questions about the nature of companionship, the fundamental human need for connection, and the potential ramifications of replacing human interaction with digital counterparts. The notion of AI companionship is not entirely novel, but its practical realization has gained significant momentum in recent years. AI systems such as Replika, an emotionally intelligent chatbot, engage users in text-based dialogues. Over time, the AI adapts, offering more personalized responses, thereby simulating a deeper emotional bond. In a more ambitious leap, Gatebox has introduced a holographic AI avatar that not only converses with users but also controls smart home devices, creating a tangible sense of presence. At the more controversial end of the spectrum, Harmony by RealDoll merges AI with highly lifelike humanoid robots, offering both emotional and physical companionship. So why are people increasingly turning to AI for companionship? Several interrelated factors contribute to this trend. Foremost among them is the growing loneliness epidemic, recognized as a pressing public health concern in many societies. As social isolation becomes a major risk factor for mental and physical health, AI companions provide a surrogate form of connection for individuals who feel disconnected from human relationships. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in countries such as Japan, where demographic shifts and societal changes have led to a rise in solitary living. Furthermore, AI relationships offer a level of convenience and control that human interactions cannot: these digital entities are available at all times, devoid of emotional baggage, and can be disengaged at the user’s discretion. The increasing sophistication of AI enables these systems to mimic human-like interactions—such as remembering previous conversations or displaying empathy—which further heightens their appeal. The rise of AI companionship, however, presents a complex interplay of potential benefits and ethical concerns. For certain individuals, these AI systems offer an invaluable outlet for emotional expression, especially for those grappling with social anxiety or mental health challenges. The non-judgmental nature of AI companions provides a space for individuals to explore their emotions freely. Moreover, AI companions may act as a stepping stone, helping users build confidence and develop social skills that can be transferred to human interactions. However, over-reliance on AI relationships could exacerbate feelings of isolation, as some may prefer the predictability and simplicity of AI over the nuanced dynamics of human relationships. Additionally, the lack of true emotional depth in AI entities raises significant ethical questions. If AI lacks consciousness or genuine empathy, can it authentically replicate affection? What are the implications of forming emotional attachments to entities that do not possess human-like consciousness? As AI companions become more entrenched in social fabric, their impact on traditional romantic and social relationships is inevitable. For some, these digital companions may complement or even replace human relationships, offering a form of companionship that, while artificial, serves a tangible emotional need. Younger generations, in particular, may increasingly use AI companions as rehearsal grounds for real-world social interactions, potentially enhancing their relational skills and emotional intelligence. Yet, there is a distinct possibility that some individuals may become so enamored with AI companions that they begin to prefer them over human partners. The appeal of predictability, the absence of judgment, and the ability to customize interactions make AI companions an enticing alternative to the often tumultuous dynamics of human relationships. This trend challenges traditional conceptions of love and companionship, forcing us to reconsider what it truly means to love and be loved—and whether those concepts are inherently human. The growing prevalence of AI companions calls for a reexamination of the very nature of emotional connection. As these technologies become more integrated into daily life, it is imperative to strike a balance between leveraging AI for emotional support and preserving human relationships. Developers of AI companions bear an ethical responsibility to ensure transparency regarding their limitations, particularly in safeguarding vulnerable individuals from potential exploitation. Additionally, further research into the long-term effects of human-AI relationships is essential to establish ethical guidelines that will govern their development and use. This research should aim to illuminate not only the psychological and social impacts of AI companionship but also the broader implications for human identity and emotional well-being. Availabe at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilsahota/2024/07/18/ how-ai-companions-are-redefining-human-relationships-in-the- -digital-age/. Retrieved on: May 27, 2025. Adapted. The verb phrase calls for in the sentence “The growing prevalence of AI companions calls for a reexamination of the very nature of emotional connection”, may be replaced without any change in meaning by

enables

prevents

contributes to

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demands

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CESGRANRIO 2025

Read text to answer the question below Texto associado Innovative Rural Hospitals Think Beyond Tradition to Improve Access to Care Artificial intelligence can be a vital force multiplier for rural hospitals. AI helps to improve diagnostic speed, enhance care team coordination and ensures that patients with high-acuity conditions receive timely attention. Last year, Mercy — a large health system serving many rural communities across Missouri and surrounding states — expanded its use of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve patient access and outcomes in radiology. By integrating Aidoc, an AI-powered clinical decision-support platform, into its imaging workflow, Mercy now can provide faster diagnosis of life-threatening conditions such as pulmonary embolisms and brain bleeds across its network of more than 50 hospitals, many of them in rural or underserved areas. The AI platform reviews scans in real time and automatically flags critical findings for radiologists and emergency teams. This reduces turnaround times for high-risk cases and helps to ensure that patients in rural facilities receive the same rapid care available in larger urban centers. According to Mercy leaders, the AI implementation has enhanced clinical efficiency and supported more timely interventions — particularly in emergency departments (EDs) where staffing can be stretched thinly. In partnership with Zipline, a logistics drone company, Wise County, Virginia, launched a pilot program with Cardinal News: Remote Area Medical to deliver essential medications to remote communities. Using autonomous drones, the health department now can transport insulin, antibiotics and other critical supplies across rugged terrain in less than 30 minutes — a journey that otherwise might take hours by car. The program, which began during the COVID-19 pandemic, has grown into a model for how unmanned aerial vehicles can support rural health equity. Because the drones are not hindered by poor roads, weather or distance, they help to ensure continuity of care for patients who manage chronic conditions or need urgent medications. Trinity Health in Minot, North Dakota, operates mobile nurse-run telehealth hubs in converted vans that travel to underserved towns across the state. Equipped with diagnostic tools, mobile internet and tablets connecting to remote physicians, these vans serve as a lifeline for patients in areas that lack nearby clinics. Staffed by advanced practice nurses, the vans provide on-site assessments, collect vitals, administer vaccines and facilitate virtual consults with physicians at Trinity’s main facilities. This hybrid care model bridges the gap between virtual and hands-on services. The program has improved appointment adherence and helped to identify serious conditions sooner, reducing ED usage and supporting chronic disease management. Memorial Health System in Marietta, Ohio, accelerated its digital transformation during the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing a comprehensive patient intake platform. This initiative enabled patients to complete appointment scheduling, registration and billing processes remotely, enhancing convenience and safety. The digital system streamlined front-end operations, reducing the need for manual data entry and minimizing lobby congestion. Patients now can check in and complete necessary forms from their homes, decreasing errors and enhancing privacy. This transformation not only improved operational efficiency, but also strengthened infection control measures by reducing in-person interactions. Memorial Health System's experience underscores the importance of digital solutions in enhancing patient engagement and streamlining health care delivery, particularly in rural settings where access to care can be challenging. Whether it’s drones delivering medications or nurses driving virtual care on wheels, rural hospitals are innovating to close the gap between providers and patients. These creative solutions are designed to keep patient needs, geographic barriers and economic realities top of mind. As workforce shortages, financial constraints and care disparities persist in rural America, hospital leaders must think beyond traditional infrastructure. Strategic investment in technology — paired with thoughtful implementation — can transform how care is delivered and experienced, regardless of ZIP code. Available at: https://www.aha.org/aha-center-health-innovation- -market-scan/2025-04-01-innovative-rural-hospitals-think- -beyond-tradition-improve-access-care. Retrieved on: May 31, 2025. Adapted. In the statement, “The program (…) has grown into a model for how unmanned aerial vehicles can support rural health equity”, the word in boldface means

Interpretação de textos em inglês ·Inglês Fácil

CESGRANRIO 2024

Texto associado Brazil: Online Learning Tools Harvest Children’s Data “Educational websites directed at Brazilian students, including two created by state education secretariats, monitored children and collected their personal data”, Human Rights Watch said today. “The national government should revise Brazil’s data protection law by adding new safeguards to protect children online”. Analysis conducted by Human Rights Watch in November 2022 and reviewed again in January 2023 found that seven educational websites extracted and sent children’s data to third-party companies, using tracking technologies designed for advertising. These websites not only watched children inside of their online classrooms, but followed them across the internet, outside school hours, and deep into their private lives. “Children and their families in Brazil are being kept in the dark about the data monitoring conducted on children in online classrooms,” said Hye Jung Han, children’s rights and technology researcher and advocate at Human Rights Watch. “Instead of protecting children, state governments have willfully enabled anyone to monitor them and collect their personal information online.” Human Rights Watch found that five websites deployed particularly intrusive tracking techniques to invisibly spy on children in ways that were impossible to avoid or protect against. One of these websites uses session recording, a technique that allows a third party to watch and record a user’s behavior on a webpage. That includes mouse clicks and movements around a webpage; the digital equivalent of logging video monitoring each time a child scratches their nose or grasps their pencil in class. Typically, the third party would then scrutinize the data on behalf of the website to guess a user’s personality, their preferences, and what they are likely to do next, or how they might be influenced. Advertisers might use these insights to target the child with personalized content and ads that follow them across the internet. Profiling, targeting, and advertising to children in this way infringes on their privacy, as it is neither proportionate nor necessary for these websites to function or deliver educational content. It also risks violating children’s other rights if this information is used to guide them toward outcomes that are harmful or not in their best interest. Such practices also play an enormous role in shaping children’s online experiences and determining the information they see, at a time in their lives when their opinions and beliefs are at high risk of manipulative interference. Brazil’s data protection authority should stop these assaults on children’s privacy. It should require these companies and state governments to delete children’s data collected, and prevent them from further using children’s data for any purpose unrelated to providing education. Brazil’s constitution protects the right to privacy. The country has also ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which entitles children to special protections that guard their privacy. Brazil’s data protection law, however, – the Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, or the General Personal Data Protection Law – does not provide sufficient protections for children. It does not explicitly prohibit actors from exploiting children’s information or require them to provide high levels of safety and security for children. Lawmakers should amend the law to establish comprehensive child data protection rules, including bans on behavioral advertising and the use of intrusive tracking techniques on children. These rules should also require all actors offering online services to children – including online learning – to provide the highest levels of protection for children’s data and their privacy. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/04/03/brazil- -online-learning-tools-harvest-childrens-data. Retrieved on: Feb 15, 2024. Adapted. In the section of paragraph 4 “the third party would then scrutinize the data on behalf of the website to guess a user’s personality, their preferences, and what they are likely to do next”, the term scrutinize indicates that the third-party company would

Interpretação de textos em inglês ·Inglês Média

CESGRANRIO 2026

Texto associado Text I African schools gear up for the AI revolution The emergence of cheap or free AI tools is being eagerly embraced by those with smartphones and the ability to get online. As governments and legislators struggle to understand the implications of this powerful technology and work out how to introduce regulations for its safe use, millions of people are enjoying its ability to save time, helping them transform raw data into essays, exam answers, or, with a bit more work, even videos and podcasts. Even in developing countries where electricity and internet access are limited (it is estimated that over 570 million people in Africa lack electricity), there is enthusiasm for the potential of AI. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), for example, a nation riven by internal conflict, poverty, and vast inequality, educators are seeing the impact of AI. “It is obvious that our country is lagging behind in terms of new technologies for one reason or another,” says Benjamin Sivanzire, a teacher in Beni, North Kivu Province. “Many parts of the DRC do not even have traditional methods of communication, or even radio or television.” However, even though Mr. Sivanzire and his students are not yet able to make use of AI in their classes, they are seeing it being used in the wider culture, often in a negative way, to manipulate public opinion. The teacher underlines the importance of educating people to distinguish between verifiable information and lies. “There are videos created by artificial intelligence that show images that are not real and have been created for propaganda purposes,” he explains. One concern that is frequently raised is the extent to which the development of AI tools is concentrated in the hands of a relatively small group of people. Farida Shahid, the independent Special Rapporteur on the right to education, shares these concerns. She states that AI often privileges white males and does not reflect the full range of people’s lives and experiences. The urgent need to expand the developer talent base has been identified by the UN as central to ensuring that a wide variety of voices are heard in the “EdTech” (educational technology) space. Shafika Isaacs, the head of technology and AI at the UN agency for science, technology, and education (UNESCO), says that the number of African EdTech startups has been growing rapidly in recent years. Entrepreneurs are experimenting with AI-enabled digital tools that could support learning and teaching across many different contexts, including African languages and local dialects. “I’ve personally engaged with a startup that matches high school students to career pathways, including choosing the right university, community college, or even entrepreneurship program. They have seen strong results because of their focus on children in underprivileged contexts and schools.” She adds that tech startups have also been developing AI-enabled mobile apps, including chatbots, that can support teachers in teaching literacy or mathematics. “The challenge is that there is often a disconnect between the public education system and tech startups. We need educators to be proactive in engaging with those developing tools, and we encourage students and teachers to learn how to create and design technologies that are relevant to their linguistic and cultural contexts.” Isaacs also highlights concerns about bias in AI systems. “Algorithms are often developed by individuals in specific locations, such as Silicon Valley, where developers and testers may bring their own biases,” she says. “These systems often struggle to recognize people with dark skin and may also have difficulties with individuals who are autistic and uncomfortable looking into cameras.” She also refers to an example from the UK, where an AI program was used to grade exam papers, leading to decisions that were biased against people from certain ethnic backgrounds. “We need to examine this issue more closely, starting from a human rights perspective. If we increasingly rely on AI as a source of verification, we may encounter serious problems.” Many African governments are keen to adopt national AI strategies and integrate AI into their education policies. In Côte d’Ivoire, where AI is already widely used in the private sector, Mariatou Koné, the Minister of Education, says that the country’s education system is undergoing transformation following a 2022 review that recommended a digitization strategy. “We have implemented initiatives to ensure that everyone is aware of AI. It can provide personalized learning programs and help struggling students improve,” says Ms. Koné. “However, we are concerned about potential abuses. We must protect personal data and ensure that learners are aware of the risks.” The Minister agrees that, in order to reduce bias, the pool of engineers developing AI tools needs to be expanded. “We need the right tools, adapted to the African context, and specifically to the Ivorian context. We have our own history and heritage. If we build our own industry, it must reflect the realities of Côte d’Ivoire.” Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/01/1159621. Retrieved on: January 6, 2026. Adapted. n English, when it comes to word stress, the placement of the primary stress is crucial for intelligibility. The primary stress is correctly indicated in

Interpretação de textos em inglês ·Inglês Difícil

CESGRANRIO 2026

Texto associado How grocery shopping data is unlocking financial inclusion Access to affordable credit is fundamental to personal resilience and economic advancement. It helps fund housing, education, small businesses, and insurance to protect against financial shocks. Globally, 1.4 billion adults have no access to formal financial services because they lack a credit history, which is only acquired once someone has been granted credit. This paradox means millions of people are financially excluded. This is not only a problem in emerging and developing markets, but also in developed markets like the US and the UK where millions remain underserved: approximately 45 million Americans are either credit invisible or have unscorable credit files, and around 5 million UK residents lack a mainstream credit history. For financial institutions, this represents not just a moral imperative, but also a major opportunity to unlock a new and largely untapped market through innovative and ethical data use. Grocery shopping data is emerging as one of the most powerful alternative data sources for understanding the financial behavior of “credit invisibles”. These four key characteristics highlight why grocery data is so insightful for credit scoring people with no credit history: universality, recency, granularity and frequency. Everyone buys groceries. Grocery shopping is a universal necessity that cuts across socioeconomic, geographic, and demographic boundaries. This makes grocery data uniquely representative of the broader population, which is a rare attribute among alternative data sources. Unlike many traditional data sources, grocery data is continually refreshed. Most consumers shop for groceries weekly, if not more often. This regularity offers a real-time view into consumer behavior, enabling financial institutions to assess an individual’s current financial situation with striking accuracy. Grocery shopping data captures detailed behavioral signals. For example, consistent purchasing of staple goods at the same time each month can indicate budgeting discipline. Price sensitivity and use of discounts may suggest cautious financial management. A high-percentage of healthy food items and lack of junk food can be an indicator of financial responsibility. The high frequency of grocery shopping offers a dense timeline of behavioral data, allowing models to detect consistent financial habits, patterns, and anomalies. Unlike once-off data points like loan applications, grocery data builds a behavioral track record over time. Research by scholars at Rice University, the University of Notre Dame, and Northwestern University found that variables such as shopping frequency, consistency in spending, choice of products, and use of discount programs correlate strongly with credit risk profiles. Importantly, it demonstrated that these behavioral patterns could significantly improve the predictive power of credit models, particularly for consumers without formal credit histories. Grocery shopping data is recent, frequent, universal, and rich in behavioral insights. Coupled with banking data within a privacy-preserving data collaboration environment, it’s opening the path to financial inclusion and protection for millions. Financial inclusion has remained out of reach for far too many, for far too long. Grocery data, used responsibly and collaboratively, may be the innovation that changes that at scale. Available at: . Retrieved on: October 26, 2025. Adapted. In the section of paragraph 3 “These four key characteristics highlight why grocery data is so insightful for credit scoring people with no credit history”, the term key can be substituted, with no change in meaning, by

Interpretação de textos em inglês ·Inglês Média

CESGRANRIO 2024

Texto associado Getting Started With Savings When you’re in your twenties, retirement seems so abstract, it might as well be thousands of years away. Maybe it feels something like that to you right now. Why save for something so many decades in the future, when every last dollar is accounted for in the here and now? Saving for anything at all, in fact, may feel impossible. Getting started early for retirement is smart for the same reasons you may want to put it off: time is on your side. If you set aside what you can now, the magic of compounding numbers — when you begin to earn interest on interest — can do more of the heavy lifting over time. In other words, saving early may result in having to save less over the long run, which will take some pressure off as you’re juggling other demands that inevitably arise. Maybe those demands will be children and all the money they require, or perhaps you’ll need some time off to care for an aging parent. And (mostly) nobody wants to work forever — the earlier you start saving, the sooner you can stop working and dedicate more time to what’s meaningful to you. The easiest way to save — for everything, really — is automating. When you have money automatically and regularly transferred to its destination, you don’t have to remember to do anything. That goes for purely pleasurable financial goals as well, like saving for a big trip. It’s empowering, and will bring you closer to the things that make you both happier and more financially secure. It will take some time and patience — but your future self will thank you. Before you begin saving, though, make sure you have a plan to knock out any high-cost debt, like debt on credit cards, where interest rates (around 22 percent) far exceed the money you might earn when investing your savings in the stock market over time (7 to 8 percent). Besides that, get a copy of your pay stub or check your direct deposit to get a sense of your take-home pay. (Freelancers should calculate their average monthly income.) Then write down all of your expenses — rent, all insurance not already deducted from your paycheck, utilities, groceries, transportation costs, car payments, mobile phone, student loans and any other debts. Moreover, creating a financial cushion — in the form of an emergency savings fund — can help you avoid turning to credit cards if you suddenly lose your job or hit a financial pothole, like covering a $1,000 car repair. Financial planners suggest keeping three to six months of your expenses in emergency savings (deposited in a high-yield online savings account, which offer the best rates). That may seem like a lofty goal when you’re living on a starting salary that barely covers your bills. So start small, even if it’s saving $50 a month — $83 a month will get you to $1,000 in a year — and add more if and when you can afford it. Set up an automated plan that sweeps that amount from your checking account to your savings account. Then, don’t touch that money. Many people with student loan debt often wonder if they should focus on paying down those loans before saving for retirement. The short answer: probably not. But there’s a strong case to be made to both invest and pay down your loans simultaneously, if you can. Besides retirement, you surely have other savings goals. Maybe you’re saving for a car, a wedding party or a special trip. Since these goals have a shorter time horizon than retirement, or something you’ll need to access within three years or less, you’ll want to take less risk with this money. The easiest strategy is to automatically transfer money into a high-yield online savings account, say, monthly. With short-term goals, the amount you save is far more important than your return. But if you need the money in three to 10 years — call that a medium-term goal — you may have more options, depending on how flexible you can be with your timing. Even if you don’t have large amounts to save now, setting up the infrastructure to save is the hardest part — and as your earnings increase, it will be much easier to save and invest more. BERNARD, T. S. Getting started with savings. The New York Times. Your money, May 17, 2024. Available at: https://www. nytimes.com/2024/05/17/your-money/saving-money.html. Retrieved on: July 12, 2024. Adapted. In the excerpt of paragraph 10 “setting up the infrastructure to save is the hardest part”, the term hardest can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by

Interpretação de textos em inglês ·Inglês Média

CESGRANRIO 2024

Texto associado Brazil: Online Learning Tools Harvest Children’s Data “Educational websites directed at Brazilian students, including two created by state education secretariats, monitored children and collected their personal data”, Human Rights Watch said today. “The national government should revise Brazil’s data protection law by adding new safeguards to protect children online”. Analysis conducted by Human Rights Watch in November 2022 and reviewed again in January 2023 found that seven educational websites extracted and sent children’s data to third-party companies, using tracking technologies designed for advertising. These websites not only watched children inside of their online classrooms, but followed them across the internet, outside school hours, and deep into their private lives. “Children and their families in Brazil are being kept in the dark about the data monitoring conducted on children in online classrooms,” said Hye Jung Han, children’s rights and technology researcher and advocate at Human Rights Watch. “Instead of protecting children, state governments have willfully enabled anyone to monitor them and collect their personal information online.” Human Rights Watch found that five websites deployed particularly intrusive tracking techniques to invisibly spy on children in ways that were impossible to avoid or protect against. One of these websites uses session recording, a technique that allows a third party to watch and record a user’s behavior on a webpage. That includes mouse clicks and movements around a webpage; the digital equivalent of logging video monitoring each time a child scratches their nose or grasps their pencil in class. Typically, the third party would then scrutinize the data on behalf of the website to guess a user’s personality, their preferences, and what they are likely to do next, or how they might be influenced. Advertisers might use these insights to target the child with personalized content and ads that follow them across the internet. Profiling, targeting, and advertising to children in this way infringes on their privacy, as it is neither proportionate nor necessary for these websites to function or deliver educational content. It also risks violating children’s other rights if this information is used to guide them toward outcomes that are harmful or not in their best interest. Such practices also play an enormous role in shaping children’s online experiences and determining the information they see, at a time in their lives when their opinions and beliefs are at high risk of manipulative interference. Brazil’s data protection authority should stop these assaults on children’s privacy. It should require these companies and state governments to delete children’s data collected, and prevent them from further using children’s data for any purpose unrelated to providing education. Brazil’s constitution protects the right to privacy. The country has also ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which entitles children to special protections that guard their privacy. Brazil’s data protection law, however, – the Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, or the General Personal Data Protection Law – does not provide sufficient protections for children. It does not explicitly prohibit actors from exploiting children’s information or require them to provide high levels of safety and security for children. Lawmakers should amend the law to establish comprehensive child data protection rules, including bans on behavioral advertising and the use of intrusive tracking techniques on children. These rules should also require all actors offering online services to children – including online learning – to provide the highest levels of protection for children’s data and their privacy. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/04/03/brazil- -online-learning-tools-harvest-childrens-data. Retrieved on: Feb 15, 2024. Adapted. In paragraph 7, the statement “the General Personal Data Protection Law [...] does not explicitly prohibit actors from exploiting children’s information” means that the data protection law does not currently prevent educational websites from

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